A new model construction by making a detour via intuitionistic theories II: Interpretability lower bound of Feferman's explicit mathematics T0

We partially solve a long-standing problem in the proof theory of explicit mathematics or the proof theory in general. Namely, we give a lower bound of Feferman’s system T0 of explicit mathematics (but only when formulated on classical logic) with a concrete interpretat ion of the subsystem Σ12-AC+ (BI) of second order arithmetic inside T0. Whereas a lower bound proof in the sense of proof-theoretic reducibility or of ordinalanalysis was already given in 80s, the lower bound in the sense of interpretability we give here is new. We apply the new interpretation method developed by the author and Zumbrunnen (2015), which can be seen as the third kind of model construction method for classical theories, after Cohen’s forcing and Krivine’s classical realizability. It gives us an interpretation between classical theories, by composing interpretations between intuitionistic theories

Physical and mental health status in Toxoplasma-infected women before and three years after they learn about their infection: Manipulation or side-effects of impaired health?

Raw data related to the paper "Physical and mental health status in Toxoplasma-infected women before and three years after they learn about their infection: Manipulation or side-effects of impaired health?"<div>Šebánková B., Flegr J.</div><div><div>Front. Ecol. Evol. 5:144. doi: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00144</div></div><div><br><div><br></div><div>Abstract</div><div><p><a>Latent toxoplasmosis is known to be associated with specific changes in animal and human behavior and human personality. Many toxoplasmosis-associated shifts, such as an extroversion-introversion shift or a trust -suspicion shift, go in opposite directions in men and women. The stress coping hypothesis suggests that such behavioral effects of toxoplasmosis are side effects of chronic stress caused by lifelong parasitosis and associated health disorders. Several studies have searched for, and typically found, indices of impaired health in infected subjects. However, subjects were always aware of their toxoplasmosis status, which could influence obtained data and cause false-positive results of the studies. Here we searched for differences in physical and mental health status among 39 <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected and 40 <i>Toxoplasma</i>-free female university students who completed identical questionnaires (N-70, and anamnestic questionnaire), before and 3 years after they were informed of their toxoplasmosis status. Our results showed that infected women showed indices of poorer health status, not only after, but also before they were informed of their infection. In accordance with previously published data, these indices were more numerous and stronger in Rh-negative than in Rh-positive women. Present results suggest that observed indices of poorer health and symptoms of chronic stress in <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected subjects are real. Due to its high (30%) prevalence, toxoplasmosis could represent an important factor for public health.</a></p><p><a><br></a></p></div></div

Influence of toxoplasmosis and prepulse on reaction time in different phase of experiment.

<p>Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.</p

Influence of toxoplasmosis, prepulse and sex on reaction time.

<p>Vertical bars denote 0.95 confidence intervals.</p

Correlation of anti-<i>Toxoplasma</i> antibodies titres with effect of prepulse on reaction times in <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected subjects.

<p>Effects of prepulse on reaction time of each rater was calculated as the difference of his mean reaction times with and without prepulse/his mean reaction times without prepulse.</p

Decision response times (RT) when choosing RO (left) and SO (right) in <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected and <i>Toxoplasma</i>-free subjects.

<p>The graph shows arithmetic means, standard errors and a p-value.</p

Effects of toxoplasmosis and Rh phenotype on performance in the weight holding test.

<p>Points show arithmetic means of endurance computed for covariate at its mean and spreads denote 95% confidence intervals.</p

Mixed-effects linear regression.

<p>Coefficients in all columns are logistic regression estimates, clustered standard errors are in parentheses;</p><p>*** indicate significance at 1% level.</p><p>^a<i>Toxoplasma</i> is a dummy variable and equals 1 for <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected subjects.</p><p>^bChoice is a dummy variable and equals 1 if subjects chose risky option.</p><p>^cRhD is a dummy variable and equals 1 for RhD positive subjects.</p><p>Mixed-effects linear regression.</p

Frequency of risky choices when the expected value of RO is less than SO (left) and the expected value of RO is greater than SO (right) in <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected and <i>Toxoplasma</i>-free subjects.

<p>The graph shows arithmetic means, standard errors and a p-value.</p

Logistic regression.

<p>Coefficients in all columns are logistic regression estimates, clustered standard errors are in parentheses;</p><p>*** indicate significance at 1% level.</p><p>^a<i>Toxoplasma</i> is a dummy variable and equals 1 for <i>Toxoplasma</i>-infected subjects.</p><p>^bRhD is a dummy variable and equals 1 for RhD positive subjects.</p><p>Logistic regression.</p